The Bicycles Changed America Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pape

The Bicycles Changed AmericaThe great changes in American society that came with the introduction ride in the late nineteenth century are a lot overshadowed by the influence of the automobile in the following decades. Today, racks are often seen as an alternative mode of transportation - a cleaner and more environmentally conscious form of travel. Because of this, it may be difficult to realize the implausible innovationalizing put ups that bicycles had on American society when they were first introduced. Manufacturing and marketing techniques introduced by the bicycle industry were massive steps towards modern industrial practices. In addition, by making individual travel available to many hoi polloi for the first time, bicycles changed the speed at which life flowed in much of America. Bicycles apt(p) a degree of personal freedom of mobility to many for the first time, and their effect on the womens rights movement of the time was notable. Bicycles were used in war, by poli ce, and by the postal service, among others. In countless walks of life, the availability of personal travel offered by bicycles had an incredible impact on American society.According to Robert Smith, the history of the bicycle goes like this in the late 18th century and early 19th century, a two-wheeled vehicle with a wooden frame and a saddle, known as the celeripede (fast feet) was developed in France. The celeripede had a mulish cross-bar and no pedals, meaning that it could not be steered very well and it was go by running along the ground while straddling the saddle. Needless to say, it never became popular.Around the same time in Germany, Baron Karl von Drais de Savebrun developed a similar machine, with the difference that his had handle-bars... ...cle caused a massive change in twain manufacturing and marketing in America. Bicycles represented a great increase in the speed of life and in the travel options of individuals. Perhaps it is because of their current moorage in our society as an alternative mode of travel that it is often difficult to imagine what a difference they made on modern life.Sources CitedBotkin, Nancy. Women on Wheels Riding the Freedom Machine. 2003. http//www.sfbike.org/OLD_site/www/news/html/2000/ borderland/01march2000.htmlMaree, D.R. Bicycles in the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. 2003. http//www.rapidttp.com/milhist/vol041dm.htmlSherr, Lynn. Failure is Impossible Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words. crude York Random House Inc. 1995 pp 277Smith, Robert A. A Social History of the Bicycle Its aboriginal Life and Times in America. New York American Heritage Press. 1972

Functions of Reserve Bank of India Essay

1. Information. Fights against scotch crisis and check up ons economicalal and price stability in the farming 2. Promotional Functions3. Promotional of banking habit and intricacy of banking constitutions. Provides refinance for export promotion. en self-aggrandisingment of facilities for the provision of bucolic credit through NABARD 4. Extension of facilities for the Small carapace Industries.5. Helping the co-operative sector.6. Prescription of minimum statutory requirements. Innovations in banking business. A. Traditional FunctionsThe rbi functions on the traditional lines regarding the pursuit activities. 1. Monopoly of Note IssueIn cost of break opening 22 of the declargon Bank of India make, the rbi has been given the statutory function of note payoff on a monopoly basis. The note issue in India was earlier based upon Pro shell outal Reserve System. When it became unwieldy to hold in the reserve proportionately, it was replaced by Minimum Reserve System . tally to the run batted in Amendment map of 1957, the bank should immediately maintain a minimum reserve of Rs.200 crore worth of metallic coins, gold bullion and step to the foreside(prenominal) securities of which the economic re nurture of gold coin and bullion should be not less than Rs.115 crore. rbi manages circulation of money through currency dressers. Originally run batted in issued currency notes of Rs.2 and above. However, collectable to higher cost of printing small denomination notes these denominations be now coincides and issued by regime. funds Chests Currency Chests be receptacles in which demarcations of issuable and vernal notes are stored along with rupee coins. Currency Chests are repositories run by rbi, SBI, subsidiaries of SBI, familiar sector banks, presidential term Treasuries and Sub treasuries. Currency Chests help in intricacy and contraction of currency in the country. The advantages for a bank having currency chest are (i) The ban k lowstructure draw funds whenever it is required for its hire and deposit funds when found surplus. (ii) transfer old and mutilated notes for tonic notes and coins (iii) Enjoy remittance facilities(iv) Cash remitted to currency chests by banks can be taken into account for maintenance of CRR. The currency chests maintained by world sector and few private sector banks are the property of rbi. The value of currency held in the chest belongs to run batted in. There are as many a(prenominal) as 4150 currency chests with banks in India. 2. Banker to the judicatureThe rbi acts as banker to the regimen down the stairs Section 20 of run batted in Act. Section 21 provides that Goernment should entrust its money remittance, metamorphose and banking transactions in India to run batted in. Under Section 21A RBI has to conduct similar transactions for call forth G overnments similarly. RBI earns no income by conducting those functions except earns commissions for managing the g overnments macrocosm debt. Where RBI has no branch, SBI or its subsidiaries are appointed as agents and sub-agents under Section 45 of the RBI Act. Agency Banks receive commission on all transactions conducted on turnover basis. The RBI extends ways and means advances to underlying and State Governments. Ways and Means AdvancesWays and Means Advances (WMA) is not a technical bank credit. It is a system under which the RBI provides credit to Central and State Governments for meeting temporary shortfall in government revenues as compared to the monthly expenditures. In other words, this facility is provided to meet temporary mismatches mingled with revenue collections and revenue expenditures of governments. The maximum volume and period of much(prenominal) advances are governed by agreements between RBI and the pertain government. To the State Governments, this facility is panoptic under three categories bashn as 1. Normal WMA2. Special WMA and3. as an overdraft facility.It also acts as adviser to Government on economic and fiscal matters. In brief, as a banker to the Government the RBI renders the following functions (a) Collects taxes and makes payments on behalf of the Government (b) Accepts deposits from the Government(c) Collects cheques and drafts deposited in the Government accounts. (d)Provides short-term loans to the Government(e) Provides hostile vary resources to the Government.(f) Keep the accounts of various Government Department.(g) Maintains currency chests in treasuries at some importance places for the convenience of the government. (h) Advises governments on their borrowing programmes.(i) Maintains and operates Central Governments IMF accounts. 3. Agent and Adviser of the GovernmentThe RBI acts, as the monetary agent and adviser to the Government. It renders the following functions (a) As an agent to the Government, it accepts loans and manages public debts on behalf of the Government. (b) It issues Government bonds, treasury g reenbacks, and so forth(c) Acts as the pecuniary adviser to the Government in all important economic and fiscal matters. 4. Banker to the BanksThe RBI acts as banker to all scheduled banks. commercial-gradeisedizedisedised banks including foreign banks, co-operative banks and RRBs are in line to be acceptd in the second schedule of RBI Act root to fulfilling conditions laid down under Section 42 (6) of RBI Act.RBI has powers to delete a bank from the second schedule if the bank concerned fails to fulfill the laid down conditions such as erosion in paid up capital below the prescribed limits and the banks activities became detrimental to the interest of depositors, etc. All banks in India, should keep certain percentage of their enquire and time liabilities as militia with the RBI. This is known as Cash Reserve Ratio or CRR. At end November 1999, it is 3 per cent for RRBs and co-operative banks 9 per cent for commercial message banks. They also maintain Current Account with RBI for various banking transactions. This centralization of reserves and accounts enables the RBI to achieve the following (a) regularisation of money bestow credit.(b) Acts as flight attendant of cash reserves of commercial banks.(c) Strengthen the banking system of the country(d) Exercises effective control over banks in Liquidity Management. (e) Ensures timely financial supporter to the Banks in difficulties. (f) Gives directions to the Banks in their lend policies in the public interest.(g) Ensures elasticity in the credit structure of the country. (h) speedy transfer of funds between member banks.5. Acts as national clarification HouseIn India RBI acts as the clearing house for resolve of banking transactions. This function of clearing house enables the other banks to settle their interbank claims easily. Further it facilitates the stoppage economically. Where the RBI has no offices of its own, the function of clearing house is carried let on in the premises of the State Bank of India.The entire clearing house mental processs carried on by RBI are computerized. The inter-bank cheque clearing result is done twice a day. There is a assure route for clearing high value cheques of Rs.1.00 lakh and above. Cheques drawn on banks in metropolitan cities are cleared on the same day. The RBI carries out this function through a cell known as National Clearing Cell. In 1998, there were in all 860 clearing houses in operation of which 14 were run by RBI, 578 by SBI and others by public sector banks.The RBI acts as a lender of last regress or emergency fund provider to the other member banks. As such, if the commercial banks are not able to get financial financial aid from any other sources, then as a last resort, they can approach the RBI for the necessary financial assistance. In such situations, the RBI provides credit facilities to the commercial banks on eligible securities including genuine trade shafts which are usually made available at Bank Rate. RBI rediscounts bills under Section 17 (2) and 17 (3) and grants advances against securities under Section 17 (4) of RBI Act. However, many of these transactions are practically carried out through separate agencies care DHFI, Securities Trading mess of India, primary dealers. The RBI now chiefly provides refinance facilities as direct assistance. Rediscounting of bills fall under the following categories (i) Commercial BillA bill arising out of bonfire commercial or trade transaction drawn and payable in India and mature at bottom 90 long time from the take in of purchase or discount is eligible for rediscount. (ii) Bills for Financing Agricultural effectsA bill issued for purpose of pay seasonal agricultural operations or the marketing of crops and maturing within 15 months from the date of purchase or rediscount. (iii) Bills for Financing Cottage and Small surpass Industries Bills drawn or issued for the purpose of financing the production and marketing of products of bungalow and small industries approved by RBI and mature within 12 months from the date of discount. Refinance under agricultural and small exceed industries activities are now provided by NABARD by obtaining financial assistance from RBI. Bill for memory or trading in Government securities Such a bill should mature within 90 days from the date of purchase or rediscounting and be drawn and payable in India, (iv) Foreign billsBonfire bill arising out of export of goods from India and which mature within 180 days from the date of shipment of goods are eligible. As lender of last resort the RBI facilitates the following (a) Provides financial assistance to commercial banks at the time of financial needs. (b) It helps the commercial banks in maintaining liquidity of their financial resources. (c) Enables the commercial banks to carry out their activities with minimum cash reserves. (d) As a lender of last resort, the RBI can exercise full control over the commercial banks . 7. Acts as the Controller of trustThe RBI controls the credit creation by commercial banks. For this, the RBI uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The important methods used by RBI are, (i) Bank Rate Policy(ii) Open Market Operation(iii) Variation of Cash Reserve Ratio(iv) Fixing Margin Requirements(v) chaste Suasion(vi) Issue of Directives(vii) Direct ActionBy controlling credit, the RBI achieves the following(a) Maintains the desired level of circulation of money in the sparing. (b) Maintains the stability in the price level prevailing in the economy. (c) Controls the effects of trade cycles(d) Controls the fluctuations in the foreign commute rate(e) Channelize credit to the productive sectors of the economy 8. Custodianof Foreign veer ReservesThe RBI acts as the custodian of foreign exchange reserves. Adequate reserves may help maintain foreign exchange rates. In order to minimize the undue fluctuations in the rates it may demoralise and sell foreign currencies depending upon the situations. Its purchase and bargain of foreign currencies from the market is done wish well commercial banks. However, the objective of the RBI will not be profit booking. It may buy the foreign currency to build up equal reserves or to mark off unwarranted rise in the value of rupee which may be due to sudden inflow of foreign currencies into India. It may also buy and sell foreign currencies in international market to switch the portfolio of investments denominated in different international currencies depending upon circumstances and needs. The value of Indias Foreign qualify reserves held by RBI as on June 1998 amounted to Rs.115001 crore.This amount comprises of gold Rs.12826 crore, foreign currency assets and value of IMF currency, viz., SDR (Special Drawing Rights). These reserves are change magnitude to Rs. 1, 38,005 crore in March 1999. The value of foreign currency assets of RBI, which form the largest portion in Indias Foreign Currency reserves, is subject to changes even on daily basis depending upon legal opinion exchange rates, inflow and outflow of currencies, noise form _or_ system of government of the RBI, etc. 9. Exchange ControlWhen a country faces equalizer of Payment of problems usually when its foreign exchange payments exceed foreign exchange receipts it controls the whole gamut of fore (foreign exchange) transactions and regulates payment system for its advantage. forever since the beginning of Second World War in 1939 India faced dearth of forex for its development and growth. A Foreign Exchange Regulation Act was originally put in operation from March 1947 and later a new act known as Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 was introduced from 1st January 1974.Under this Act, RBI is empowered to regulate foreign exchange outgo and inflow, for example, we cannot buy everything we need from abroad and pay for it in forex. take side imports, i.e., merchandise imports are regulated by Director freque nt Foreign Trade in the Ministry of Commerce. Payment for invisible transactions like tourism, foreign visit, dividend/interest payment, etc. is regulated by RBI. Similarly, all forex acquire or earned by residents in India, like exporters and relatives of NRIs Non-resident Indian should be surrendered to banks having clear from RBI to deal in forex. However, since 1992, the receivers of forex are permitted to retain certain part of this forex in a separate foreign currency account if they so desire. Such account is known as Exchange Earners Foreign Currency Account or EEFC Account. Further, since 1994 many controls exercised by RBI on forex payments were relaxed.These days the RBI regulates forex transactions only to a minimum level and presently the Act, FERA may be replaced by a new Foreign Exchange Management Act. While the purchase and sale of forex, maintenance of foreign exchange reserves/gold, are handled in the Department of External Investment and operations the control and regulations of various other forex transactions are handled in the Exchange Control Department of Reserve Bank of India. The RBI by its operation of credit control and price stability maintains the internal value of internal currency and ensures its stability External Value of RupeeIn harm of preamble to RBI Act, the Bank is also required to maintain external, value of the Rupee. It, however, depends upon many factors like inflation levels, interest rates Balance of payments situation, etc., ruling in different countries on which RBI does not have control. Earlier, process 1993 the RBI uses to prescribe the Exchange Rate of Rupee. The external value of rupee is now determined by market forces. RBI by rectitude of its position as the Central Bank of the country and custodian of large forex reserves can influence the level of External Value in the short run. Publishes the Economic Statistics and Other InformationThe RBI collects statistics on economic and financial matters. I t publishes periodically an analytical account of the operations of joint stock and co-operative banks. It presents the genuine financial position of the government and companies. The publications like the report on currency and finance, the report on the trend and progress of banking in India, the polish of co-operative movement present a critical account and a equilibrate review of banking developments commercial, economic and financial conditions of the country. Fights against Economic CrisisThe RBI aims at economic stability in the country whenever, there is a danger to the economic stability, it takes immediate measures to put the economy on proper course by effective policy changes and implementation thereof. Promotional FunctionsThese are non-monetary functions. They include the following 1. Promotion of Banking Habits The RBI institutionalizes saving through the promotion of banking habit and expansion of the banking system territorially and functionally. Accordingly RBI h as set up pose Insurance kitty in 1962, Unit Trust of India in 1964, the IDBI in 1964, the Agricultural Refinance Corporation in 1963, Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India in 1972, NABARD in 1982 and the National Housing Bank in 1988, etc. It has helped to bring into existence several industrial finance corporations such as Industrial Finance Corporation of India, Industrial book of facts and Investment Corporation of India for industrialization of the country. Similarly sector specific corporations took care of development in their respective spheres of activity. 2. Provides Refinance for Export PromotionThe RBI takes the initiative for output facilities for the provision of finance for foreign trade particularly of exports. The Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation (ECGC) and Exam Banks render useful functions on this line. To instigate exports the RBI is providing refinance facilities for export credit given by commercial banks. Further the rate of interest on ex port credits continues to be prescribed by RBI at a lower rate. The ECGC provides an amends cover on Export receivables. EXIM Bank extends long term finance to project exporters and foreign currency credit for promotion of Indian exports. Students should know that many of these institutions were part of Reserve Bank earlier although they are shortly functioning as separate financial institutions. 3. Facilities for AgricultureThe RBI extends corroboratory financial facilities to agribusiness regularly. Through NABARD it provides short-term and long-term financial facilities to agriculture and allied activities. It established NABARD for the overall administration of agricultural and rural credit. Indian agriculture would have starved of a cheap credit but for the institutionalization of rural credit by RBI. The Reserve Bank was extending financial assistance to the rural sector mainly through contributions to the National Rural Credit Funds being operated by NABARD.RBI presently ma kes only a symbolic contribution of Rs.1.00 crore. It, however, extends cheap indirect financial assistance to the agricultural sector by providing large sums of money through General commercial enterprise of Credit to NABARD. The loans and advances extended to NABARD by RBI and outstanding as on June 1999 amounted to Rs.5073 crore. 4. Facilities to Small Scale IndustriesThe RBI takes active steps to increase the supply of credit to small industries. It gives directives to the commercial banks regarding the extension of credit facilities to small scale industries. It encourages commercial banks to provide guarantee services to SSI sector. Banks advances to SSI sector are classified ad under priority sector advances. SSI sector contributes to a very coarse extent to employment opportunities and for Indian Exports. Keeping this in view, RBI has say commercial banks to open specialized SSI bank branches to provide adequate financial and technical assistance to SSI branches. There ar e around 30 lakh SSI units operating in India. Meeting their financial needs is one of the immemorial concerns of RBI. 5. Helps Co-operative SectorRBI extends indirect financing to State Co-operative Banks thereby connects the joint sector with the main banking system of the country. The finance is mostly, is routed through NABARD. This way the financial needs of agricultural sector are taken care of by RBI. 6. Prescription of Minimum statutory Requirements for BanksThe RBI prescribes the minimum statutory requirements such as, paid up capital, reserves, cash reserves, liquid assets, etc. RBI prescribes reserves requirements both under Banking Regulation Act and RBI Act to ensure different objectives. For example, SLR ethical drug is done to ensure liquidity position of the bank. CRR prescription is done to have effective monetary control and money supply. Statutory Reserves Appropriation is done to ensure sound banking system, etc. It also asksbanks to set aside provisions again st possible bad loans. With these functions, it exercises control over the monetary and banking systems of the country to ensure growth, price stability and sound banking practices. C. supervisory FunctionsThe Reserve Bank of India performs the following supervisory functions. By these functions it controls and administers the entire financial and banking systems of the country. 1. Granting License to BanksThe RBI grants license to the banks, which like to commence their business in India. Licenses are also required to open new branches or cloture of branches. With this power RBI can ensure avoidance of unnecessary competitions among banks in particular location evenly growth of banks in different regions, adequate banking facility to various regions, etc. This power also helps RBI to wad out undesirable people from starting banking business. 2. Function of Inspection and interrogativeRBI inspects and makes enquiry in respect of various matters covered under Banking Regulations A ct and RBI Act. The inspection of commercial banks and financial institutions are conducted in terms of the provisions contained in Banking Regulation Act. These refer to their banking operations like loans and advances, deposits, investment functions and other banking services. Under such inspection RBI ensures that the banks and financial institutions carry on their operations in a prudential manner, without pickings undue risk but aiming at profit maximization within the existing rules and regulations. This type of inspection is carried on periodically once a year or two covering all branches of banks.Banks are induce to take remedial measures on the lapses / deficiencies pointed out during inspection. In addition RBI also calls for periodical information concerning certain assets and liabilities of the banks to verify that the banks continue to appease in good health. This type of inspection / tick is known as off- site inspection. The RBI team visiting bank offices to conduc t verification of books and records is known as on- site inspection. RBI inspects banks under RBI Act only when there is a threat to close down a bank for mismanagement and there is a need to verify the fulfilment of conditions for the status of scheduled bank. RBI presently conducts inspection of commercial banks, Development Financial Institutions like IDBI, NABARD, etc. Urban Co- operative Banks and non banking financial companies like Lease Financing Companies, Loan Companies. 3. Implementing the Deposit Insurance dodgingRBI Implements the Deposit Insurance Scheme for the benefit of bank depositors. This supervisory function has improved the standard of banking in India due to this confidence structure exercise. Under this system, deposits up to Rs.1.00 lakh with the bank branch are guaranteed for payment. Deposits with the banking system alone are covered under the scheme. For this purpose banking system include accounts maintained with commercial banks, co- operative banks a nd RRBs. Fixed Deposits with other financial institutions like ICICI, IDBI, etc. and those with financial companies are not covered under the scheme. ICICI is since merged with ICICI Bank Ltd. and IDBI is getting converted into a bank. 4. Periodical Review of the running(a) of the Commercial BanksThe RBI periodically reviews the work done by commercial banks. It takes suitable steps to enhance the efficiency of the banks and make various policy changes and implement programmes for the well-being of the nation and for improving the banking system as a whole. 5. Controls the Non-Banking Financial CorporationsRBI issues necessary directions to the Non-Banking financial corporations and conducts inspections through which it exercises control over such institutions. Deposit taking NBFCs require permission from RBI for their operations.

Effects of Listening Music Essay

Walking on street in urban cities will go against or so facts more or less unison and its effects to human. Whenever looking to street matchless encountering with somebody audition music that somehow making feel him rock-steady or happy. As the music spread throw world, its benefits start to discontinue itself. The author Elizabeth Scott states in Is music a good tool for health? that music has some(prenominal) beneficial effects. The effects of music are many in quantity and I intend explore and discuss about effects of music to body and mind.One of the effects of music is to a body. Our body has limits which need some relaxation such as listening music. And listening music keep encourage to forget about fatigue duty that could be hard to overcome. For example, some radio stations put some good music that will help to listeners to regain their moral or strength. Music quite a little be the source of liquid energy other effect of music is to mind. Music can change state of our mind. For example, music may bring inspiration, courage, state of calmness or state of happiness. Elizabeth give tongue to that music is helping to hospitals to heal from illnesses. I agree with her because I apply to listen to music to manage my pain. Moreover, when I was high shoal our school utilise to start a week with national country metrical composition. This song will bring inspiration and creativity throughout a week.Finally, the music may bring changes to our breathing and heart rate. Elizabeth sates that, music can help to prevent stress. Stress often occur when we are doing same tasks commonplace or doing one thing at a time. Music can help to decrease our stress. Music can also be used to help to bring self awareness such as meditation. conjecture and music are function as whole and help to enlarge usefulness of person.From the information given, the effects of listening music are many. We can safely conclude that music is playing vital role in our life. Using music to treat patients in hospitals is, in effect, a insolent choice.

Assess How Martin Gaite Takes on the Task of Confronting Recent History Both Aesthetically and Ethically in El Cuarto de Atras.

Assess how Martin Gaite takes on the parturiency of confronting recent history both aesthetically and ethically in El cuarto de atras. El cuarto de atras is Carmen Martin Gaites first post-Franco novel. Encompassing dickens really distinct music literary genres, it is a untamedal novel, whilst in the same framework, a realist chronicle of a woman maturement up in post-war Spain. Through the hold of the fantastic mode, the author approaches the real social history of the Civil fight and post war period.This essay, will explore how Martin Gaite confronts this recent history, illustrating the hostile semipolitical environment of her y bring outh and the anxiety it engendered. Through aesthetic techniques, particularly the fantastic mode, the novel facilitates a recollection of memories, which for many, were tarred with pain and anger. What we discover is that Martin Gaites think purpose for her novel is non direct criticism of the fascist politics, but rather she aims to c apture the embodied retentiveness of a gen eration, a reminiscence which is often difficult to yield.To begin, it necessary to understand Martin Gaites decision to drop a line her novel in this way, by gaining a sense of the climate of doctrine which prevailed among the leading make unnecessaryrs at the end of Francos rule, the time when Martin Gaite wrote El cuarto de atras. peerless of her contemporaries, the influential Juan Goytisolo, published an essay in 1967, which criticises the insipid realistic literary works that was written in post-war Spain. He warns that Spanish novelists seem to grant missed the ability to smile, despite belonging to a literary tradition that stool draw on Cervantes and Larra.Goytisolo claims that, preoccupied with fighting Franco with words, he and his contemporaries acquit failed to serve either their cause or the wider interests of literature itself. In his essay, he writes Digamoslo con claridad las generaci wizards venideras nos pedira n cuentas, sin duda, de nuestra actual conducta civica, pero no tomaran a esta en consideracion si, paralelamente a nuestra responsabilidad moral de ciudadanos, no manifestamos nuestra responsabilidad artistica como escritores.No basta, en efecto, reclamar la libertad tenemos que probarla desde ahora con la autenticidad y responsabilidad de nuestras obras (Wood 2012 48). Martin Gaite acknowledged and responded to this need for a new form of literature that did non rely solely on politics and realism. On November 23, 1975, the day that Franco died, she regulate out to write El cuarto de atras. Her novel would focus on two main literary goals Firstly, to write a social history of the post-war era and secondly to write a fantastic novel.The novel is narrated by a woman called C, similar to Martin Gaite herself, who tells the story of an unexpected visit by a mysterious man, in the middle of the night. He has come to hearing her. During their night-long communication, the interviewe r encourages the narrator in her recollection of her past. During the course of the conversation, the two protagonists notice that in the corner of the room, there is a pile of papers, which continues to grow. At the end of the novel, we jibe that this stack of pages comprises the novel itself, even entitled El cuarto de atras.Their conversation has produced a novel. This powerful metafictional physical body of the written manuscript of the novel appearing deep d testify the novel itself creates a sense of participation amongst her readers. In the final pages, when the protagonist picks up the manuscript, we suddenly become aw ar of the novel we hold in our hands, and see it now as a mere arte concomitant, the product of the conversation to which we have been aesthetically participating. The mystery behind this metafiction service of processs in establishing the fantastic genre of the novel.Todorov gives a three-part definition of the fantastic genre, all three met in El cuart o de atras, the reader considers the fictional cosmea as real, the reader and the narrator piece of ground a hesitation over whether or not what they perceive derives from commonly-held definitions of reality, and no allegorical interpretation of the unexplainable is advanced (Brown 1987 41). Throughout the novel, the narrator mentions Todorov and quotes several(prenominal) times from his works. The narrator literally stumbles over Todorovs book at the very start of the novel and later on, she spills water on the book, in doing so, making it more real.She even comes across a note she make when acculturationing reading the book, promising that one day voy a escribir una novela fantastica (p 27). By the end of the novel, when she picks up the manuscript entitled El cuarto de atras, we realise that this is in occurrence, the fantastic novel which she promised she would write. The following description constructed by Todorov himself indicates why Martin Gaite unyielding to use the fantastic mode in her novel The supernatural thereby becomes a symbol of language, just as the figures of rhetoric do, and the figure is, as we have seen, the purest form of literality (Brown 1987 153).As well as heightening the creativity of her realist memoirs, Martin Gaite depends on the fantastic genre to uncover certain truths, which lie in undercover memories. Explaining, cuando se traspasa esa frontera entre lo que estas convencido de que es verdad y lo que ya sabes si es verdad o mentira, puede ser posible todo1, it is discernible that in using the fantastic, mixing reality with mystery, she makes possible the difficult task of confronting painful, distressing memories experienced during the Civil war in Spain. The fantastic genre of El cuarto de atras is actually determined by the interviewer, the man in the minacious hat.The mystery of this nocturnal visitor remains unresolved and we finish the novel not knowing if his visit was real or dreamt-up by the narrator. From h is very arrival, a fantastic apparition materialises, with the huge cockroach on the stairway, whose eyes, she will later note, exactly resemble his. With its monstrous appearance the louse summons the reader to anticipate the unknown. While the insect is described in detail, the man whose entry follows is not (Brown 1987 151). The absent description of this character is one of several unresolved ambiguities of the novel, taking us in to the territory of the fantastic.It is in this territory and through her conversation with this ghostly character, that the narrator is able to disclaim her memories. The narrator realises that her difficulty in create verbally the memoir was due to the fact that she wanted to recapture more than just facts, lo que yo queria rescatar era algo mas inaprensible, eran las miguitas, no las piedrecitas blancas (p. 120). With the chain of white pebbles and breadcrumbs, a symbol from Perraults stories, we learn that she grasps how the truth astir(pred icate) history, identity and collective memory, is made up of fragments, like pieces of a puzzle.Acting as her conscience, the interviewer certifies this in saying tendria que aprender a escribir como habla (p. 120). This reflects Martin Gaites view that historical tale does not suffice if and when constructing a novel which successfully approaches such a painful past. For the narrator, rather than assisting her, facts and historical data have acted as an obstacle. Martin Gaite creates a fantastic memoir, with dimensions of both reality and mystery, allowing the readers to find some form of outflow in her novel. As Robert C.Spires notes, the fantastic frees both writer and reader from a one-dimensional, cause and effect, view of existence (1984120). This inventive release, which Martin Gaite seeks in her employment of the fantastic, hints at Spains sudden release from the Franco regime. In a further metafictional reference, the narrator explains how, since her puerility, she has experienced a form of escape through literature and fantasy. In her composition, as a child, of a novel revolving around a mythological island called Bergai, she demonstrates her desire to escape the strict silence of the regime.By declaring her own search for immunity through literature, Martin Gaite hopes that her novel will encourage the freeing of unspoken memories that her own generation has been hiding. The very title of the novel and the plurality of its meaning, indicates Martin Gaites desire to liberate memories. The narrator recalls how, El cuarto de atras was the place where she used to twist as a child, enjoying its freedom to develop her creative imagination. With the war, el cuarto de atras begins to be appropriated by adults to store articulos de primera necesidad (p. 157).The narrator explains, hasta que dejamos de tener cuarto para jugar, porque los articulos de primera necesidad desplazaron y arrinconaron nuestra infancia, el juego y la subsistencia coexistieron en una convivencia agria de olores incompatibles (p. 160). Politics seemed to be part of the adult world and the changes brought slightly by war seemed like rules for an unexplained new plump for (Oleary and Ribeiro de Menezes 2008114). Her description reveals her imagination, yet at the same time, serves to depict the ways in which the war impeded on such basic aspects of everyday support.Through her honour as a child, she does not politically criticise the war, but instead, discusses its inconveniences on her life as she grew up. The plurality of meaning that surrounds El cuarto de atras surfaces in a further description of this space me lo imagino tambien como un desvan del cerebro separado por una cortina que solo se descorre de vez en cuando los recuerdos que pueden darnos alguna sorpresa viven agazapados en el cuarto de atras, siempre salen de alli, y solo cuando quieren, no sirve hostigarlos (p. 83).In the novel, the task of pulling prat the curtain is undertaken b y the interviewer, as it drive out be perceived that his mapping is to help the narrator reveal hidden memories. This task of confronting past experiences is not an easy one, as it can un-surface deep fear and anger. It must be remembered that government repression was a formalised expression of the psychological mechanisms adopted by a people whose horror had to be assuaged (Brown 1987162). In establishing the mode of the fantastic, Martin Gaite pulls book bindingbone the curtain on past realities, and in doing so, captures collective memory.The novel gives a realistic line of life as a child growing up in Spain in 1930s and 40s. The narrator points out that Franco came to power when she was only nine old age old and she speaks openly intimately the effects the Civil War had on her. She recalls personal experiences such as her uncles murder because he was a Socialist and the imprisonment of her familiaritys parents because they were Rojos. Her recollections originate from h er perception of them as a child, for example, trips to the bomb supply are just another game.This innocence and political ignorance of her childhood memories help Martin Gaite to steer away from the blame game and political motives, giving instead, an account of what she experienced and how she perceived things as a child. The compelling image which close to effectively achieves this is that of Francos daughter. The narrator remembers envying her but also feeling dark for her. We see her sympathising with Carmencitas grief as a daughter during the dictators funeral. Stating that en mi casa, no eran franquistas, we learn that the narrator is pernicious when probed on Franco himself.Although critique on his leadership is inevitable, she avoids using her novel to at a time attack Franco, but rather to give an account of the effect of his lateralization on ball club. As she watches Carmencita Franco at her fathers funeral, the narrator thinks about what they have in common and r ealises that they share the same collective memory as women who grew up in a patriarchal society. The novel explores the magnificence of the Seccion Femenina and of romantic fiction to her generation of women. Martin Gaite offers the reader an insight, often overlooked in history books, into the ideological inculcation of women during the Franco period (OLeary and Ribeiro de Menezes 2008 115). She explains, Todas las arengas que monitores y camaradas nos lanzaban en aquellos locales inhospitos, mezcla de hangar y de cine de pueblo, donde cumpli a reganadientes el Servicio Social, cosiendo dobladillos, haciendo gimnasia y jugando al baloncesto, se encaminaban, en definitiva, al mismo objetivo a que aceptasemos con alegria y orgullo nuestra condicion de mujeres fuertes, complemento y espejo del varon. p. 85) This description has been structure in such a way as to sarcastically allude what was expected on women during the regime. She is able to look back with humour on the expecta tions of the society she grew up in. As Brown suggests, Luckily, she learned at an beforehand(predicate) age that the sentiments of the Fascists ruling party were not those of her own family, and that there was a dichotomy between what was thought at home and what was valued extraneous (Brown 1987 158).Martin Gaite discretely ignored the inhibitions to freedom imposed by the Governments restrictions and with the subscribe to of her mother, she attended university, surpassing the limited, narrow parameters of womens lives. However, it is apparent that she was in fact influenced by the social tendencies of the time. Through her references to Hollywood stars such as Garbo, and her peck of the interviewer as the hero of a romantic novel, we discover that her thoughts and behaviour are influenced by romantic literature and Hollywood glamour.The fantasy of each of these became a reality and something these women were expected to aspire towards as a sort of pattern of behaviour. Shari ng such memories with her reader, providing an insight into the social customs of recent history, collective memory is captured. The narrator explains her difficulty in writing her memoirs because her memories of the war and post-war years are inconvenienceed and confused. She describes the post war period as un purview tan ancho y tan revuelto, como una habitacion donde cada cosa esta en su sitio precisamente al haberse salido de su sitio (p. 93).Her desire to write these memoirs arises when she is watching Francos funeral. As she watches the funeral procession, she summarises what she recalled of Francos dominance in the society she grew up in, Franco pescando truchas, Franco en el Pazo de Mieras, Franco en los sellos, Franco en el NO-DO (p. 119). The image of Franco was everywhere. As she watches his funeral, the narrator states el tiempo se desbloqueaba (p. 119). Francos death rectify time in motion again, as well as language, and then allowing the author to explore the rece nt past and personal history (OLeary and Ribeiro 2008113).The disorder of time and space, in El cuarto de atras, brings forth a revelation in ethically confronting recent history, establishing a contrast with the imposed order of the regime whose end has inspired this fantastic memoir. As a final point, concern should be drawn to the tension that Martin Gaite creates in her depiction of life in Francos Spain. This tension lies between her description of the stasis of life under Franco and the life that she managed to live. During this frozen time period, the narrator succeeds in becoming both a novelist and a mother.Despite the limitations, obligations and deprivation of the dictatorship, she recalls how her childhood and adolescence were happy. The juxtaposition between stasis and dynamism is some brilliantly described in her comparison of the Franco dictatorship with that of the game escondite ingles. to a lower place the threatening eye of the dictatorship, people stood still and froze but behind the back of the regime, when and where they had the opportunity, they strove to run their lives as they pleased. In using a popular childhood game to highlight uch tension, her readers are able to return to their past, focusing not on their pain and anger, but rather on the rhythm of life during this period. To conclude, Martin Gaites novel, succeeds in offering a new style of writing when confronting recent history. The complex interaction between reality and fantasy, produces a creative and gripping memoir which attempts to capture the collective memory of a generation. In recalling her memories as a child and depicting the role expected of women, Martin Gaite provides us with an insight of what it was like to experience life under Franco.El cuarto de atras succeeds as a work that enables us to lift the curtain on painful memories that have been hidden away by so many. The recovery of this memory is a difficult task, but by taking us into the world of the fant astic, these memories can find a path to escape. Bibliography Martin Gaite, Carmen. 2009. El cuarto de atras, (Madrid Libros del Tiempo, Ediciones Siruela). Adrian M. Garcia, 2000. Silence in the Novels of Carmen Martin Gaite (New York slam Lang). Lipman Brown, Jo. 1987. Secrets from the Back Room the Fiction of Carmen Martin Gaite (Valencia University of Mississippi Press).OLeary and Ribeiro de Menezes, 2008. A Companion to Carmen Martin Gaite (Woodbridge Tamesis). Robert C. Spires, 1984. beyond the Metafictional Mode Directions in the Modern Spanish Novel (Lexington Kentucky University Press, 1984). Tzvetan Todorov, The Fantastic A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre trans. Richard Howard (Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1975). Wood, Gareth J. 2012. Javier Mariass Debt to reading (Oxford Oxford University Press). &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 Martin Gaite, quoted in Gazarian Gautier Conversacion con Carmen Martin Gaite en Nueva York, 11.

Night of the Long Knives

The shadow of the Long Knives(The Blood Purge) Hitler had an abundance of world power due to the enabling act that was granted to him by President Hindenburg. tied(p) with all his power, Hitler still felt flagellumened by the SA leaders. This lead to the shadow of the long Knives June 29th, 1934. This vagabond was only the beginning of his conquest to be the positive power of Germany. What happened on the Night of the Long Knives? And why did Hitler arrange it. What happened during the Night of the Long Knives? This event saw the wiping out of he SA leaders and different people that angered Hitler. Hitler ordered his SS troops to arrest the leaders of the SA and political figures. Hitler assembled a fairly large group of SS and standard police, and went to the Hanselbauer Hotel in elusive Wiessee. Ernest Rohm and his followers were staying there. Upon arriving at the hotel, Hitler personally arrested Rohm and high ranking officers of the SA. Hitler then headed jeopardize to Munich where he addressed an assembled crowd of party members and SA members, saying the worst imposition in world istory. Hitler told the crowd that undisciplined and disobedient characters and asocial or diseased elements would be annihilated. When he arrived back in Berlin, he radioed to gore saying the codeword kolibri to let loose the execution squads on more trustful people. Hitler also used this purge to make a move on the conservatives he found unreliable. Himmler, Goring and Hitler himself ordered the SS against old enemies. Kurt von Schliecher George Strasser (angered Hitler by resigning from the party) and Gustav Ritter von Kahr cause Bavarian state commissioner who brought down the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923) The reasons why this purge happened was because Hitler feared that someone would try and over throw him, Rohm and the SA had the power to do so if they wanted (Rohm was the leader of the SA, the SA had a force of over 3 million men). So Hitler did what he thought needed to happen. He got relieve of the problems and anyone else he thought had the power to overthrow him. The Night of the Long Knives did not just remove those who opposed or threatened Hitlers position.It also got the multitude to sign an gent that Hitler needed. The army saw the SA as a threat to their authority because the SA outnumbered them, also Rohm spoke about taking over the regular army by including them with the ranks of the SA. This alarmed the army leaders. Hitler then make a pact with the army. If Rohm and the other SA leaders were removed then the army would be in restrict of the SA. However for that to occur the army had to sign an oath of loyalty to Hitler. Hitler told the public of this gruesome even on July 13th 1934. Hitler told the Reichstag. in this hour I was responsible for the fate of the German people, and I thereby I became the supreme judge of the German people. I gave order to pack the ringleaders in this treason, and I further gave the order to cauterize down to the birthday suit flesh the ulcers if this poisoning of the salubriouss in our domestic life. Let the democracy k nowadays that its existence- which depends on its internal order and security- cannot be threatened with impunity by anyone And let it be known for all the time to come that if anyone raises his advance to strike the state, then certain death is his lot Adolf Hitler, July 13th, 1934. he airstream of the Night of the Long Knives aka The Blood Purge. Hitler got away with his purge because Hitler had the cabinet extol a measure on July 3rd that declared The measures taken on June 30th to July 1st and 2 to suppress treasonous assaults are licit as acts of self-defense by the State. A new law was added which was write by Hitler, Franz Gurtner, and the Minister of the interior Wilhelm Frick. The new law legalized the murderes committed during the purge under treason. The army applauded the Night of the Long Knives nd President Hidenburg uttered his profoundly felt gratitude and he congratulated Hitler. Hitler rewarded Himmler by giving him control of the SS. Himmler would now only answer to Hitler. Also Hitler game himself President as well as Chancellor, a new role called Der Fuehrer. He also made himself head of the armed forces, who swore an oath of loyalty. Adolf Hitler was now in complete control after President Hindenburgs death in August. The Night of the Long Knives occurred on June 29th 1934. Many high ranking officers of he SA were killed, including several of Hitlers partners execute in the purge. After the purge Hitler created another national socialist organization called the Schutzstaffel or also known as the SS. The SS became the most feared arm in Nazi Germany. The Night of the Long Knives was an action to get rid of those disagreeing with Hitler or acquire in the way of his rise to power. He was scared that someone would endeavour to overthrow him. The result was the rise of an even greater/ stronger parami litary for the Nazis.

Machiavelli and Odysseus

author and Leadership The Connection of Power and Leadership between The Odyssey and The Prince look Assign ment Stories in Diverse Media LAPS/HUMA 1780 Prepared for Dr. Gillian Helfield Mr. Julian Manyoni Prepared by Samuel James Ysip 212-697-983 Power and Leadership Power and handing duck soup a big role in accomplishing the objectives of a team. A soulfulness having these deuce attri merelyes cornerst hotshot direct a group of passel towards achieving their putting surface goal. These two components of consent are in addition essential to each other(a) in order for the leader to be successful.Power is a soulfulnesss energy to influence others and lead is a persons talent to travel by a group of people to achieve their common goal. A person that has occasion scarcely with f on the whole out the capacity to ask the compensate terminations for the team append definitely fail to lead a team to their goal and a person without the influence on others but with th e talent to lead a team entrust sure non be adequate to(p) to d receive the qualities of a great leader to a group. Homers The Odyssey and Machiavellis The Prince are two books that both contain themes about world-beater and leaders.Homers The Odyssey contains information about Odysseus lead capabilities during his journey home to Ithaca and how he re maintainioned on dissimilar pips that guide critical leading decisions. It in addition contains the status of his leadership in his homeland and what kind of monarchy he has. On the other hand, Machiavellis The Prince gives out information and guidelines on what a Machiavellian leader should be and how he should react in different kinds of situations. It as well contains different theories on how the construction of a monarchy affects a ings superiority in his experience moguldom. Throughout Odysseus journey, he do enquiryable decisions that contradict the directions of Machiavelli. By non following the guidelines o f Machiavelli on leadership and billet management, as a gist, Odysseus failed to lead his team safely concealment to Ithaca. Through Machiavellis theory, on could withal point that because of the structure of Odysseus poovedom in Ithaca, it resulted to the f dearful men in Achaea to condense advantage of his absence, thus resulting to the exploitation of his land.The disobedience of Odysseus f body process elements to his orders resulting to their death, the act of contempt of Eurylochus once morest Odysseus and the effects of policy-ma pansy structure in Ithaca to Odysseus supremacy as king are the three factors that constitute the king and leadership issues in The Odyssey which are connectedly criticized and discussed through the guidelines and theories of Machiavelli in The Prince. The disobedience of Odysseus conclave members to his order of non take in the cattle of Helios which resulted to their death is the out deduce of Odysseus failure to apply the teachi ng of Machiavelli about being kindnessate or beastly.In chapter seventeen of The Prince, Machiavelli tell that, A ruler mustnt worry about being labelled inhumane when its a question of keeping his subjects allegiant and united . . . he leave prove more than compassionate than the leader whose excessive compassion leads to public disorder, muggings and murder. (65). Odysseus compassion towards Eurylochus a high ranking conclave member that insults him and ceaselessly tries to lure Odysseus crowd members to dis succeed his orders, resulted to the death of the crew members and more over delayed his return to Ithaca.Eurylochus exploitations in the story began to develop when they arrived at the island of Aeaea. Eurylochus disa esurience with Odysseus decision to go derriere to Circes palace to take away his men rest aft(prenominal) a long travel. He then insulted Odysseus by saying, So in addition it happened with the water flea, when our companions went into his yard, and the bold Odysseus was of their company for it was by this mans recklessness that these in addition perished. (10. 435-438). These two incidents alone exhaust rich grounds for Odysseus to take actions on Eurylochus obvious disregard of his say-so.Odysseus considered kill him by taking his head away but he realized that he is related to Eurylochus by unification and his men were as well as able to stop him by pleading to him. This opposite is an evidence of Odysseus showing incorrect compassion towards Eurylochus. Although Odysseus showed a sign of dismay, he never really punished him which led to more disobedience by Eurylochus. It in addition showed that he considers his mens view of his actions. His actions confirmed that he would rather show compassion than cruelty by being stop by his men from killing Eurylochus through their pleading.By not taking the inevitable actions on Eurylochus behaviour, he was able to twine Odysseus to land on the island of Thrinakia w present Helios keeps his cattle notwithstanding Circes advice to stay away from Helios belongings. When they landed on the Island where the cattle are, Eurylochus again stirred up trouble by persuading the crew members that its bonny to eat the cattle of Helios while Odysseus was asleep. Eurylochus said, . . . hunger is the sorriest way to die and invade fate . . . let us cut out the best of Helios cattle and sacrifice them to the immortals who hold wide heaven . . . nd if we ever come back to Ithaca . . . we go out build a rich temple to the cheerfulness God Helios. (12. 342-346). This final incident that Eurylochus was able stir up became the main(prenominal) reason of the crew members death and in deal manner Eurylochus. Odysseus should have make the right decision of eliminating Eurylochus when he first started to disregard his superiority on the Island of Aeaea. Odysseus overly showed a sign weakness in his leadership when Eurylochus was able to persuade him to land on an island where the temptations are apparent despite the group and Eurylochus constant disobedience and the crews inability to avoid temptation.In the book Machiavelli on Modern Leadership, Michael A. Leeden stated that Without fear of punishment, men will not obey laws that force them to act contrary to their passions. (115). Odysseus deficiency of implementing punishment to his subjects made his crew men, particularly Eurylochus, more attracted to temptations and more convenient of violating not only Odysseus orders but as well as the gods. Leeden also stated in his book that to be an trenchant leader, the most prudent method is to ensure that your people are afeared(predicate) of you.To instill that fear, you must show up that those who attack you will not survive. (126). This contention criticises Odysseus response to Eurylochus disobedience. Eurylochus challenged and ridiculed Odysseus leadership and countenance during their stay on the island of Aeaea. He also que stioned Odysseus decision of not wanting to land on the island of Thrinakia although he was able to persuade him anyway. Odysseus failed to respond with effective force on these incidents which resulted to more disobedience. The establishment of uthority that Odysseus implemented over his subjects during their journey resulted to his mens d ownfall and also his. By not applying the teachings of Machiavelli on how a leader should use office to appropriately perform cruelness or compassion to achieve a better and more disciplined domain, Odysseus showed unnecessary compassion to the wrong person a sign of a weak leadership, thus resulting to the death of his square crew and further delayed his return to Ithaca. Odysseus leadership flaws do not stop on his lack of control over his subjects.He also made terrible judgements that led to the death of some of his companions that consequently resulted to the lost of their sureness to his leadership. Because of these bad decisions, Euryl ochus Odysseus wink in command, found the courage to challenge his leadership. In The Prince, Machiavelli stated that, . . . when there is no threat from outside, a ruler must take care that his subjects dont start conspiring against him. He can guard against this by making sure he isnt despised or despised and that people are happy with him (73).One reason of Eurylochus junction of displeasure with Odysseus leadership is because of Odysseus ill-conceivedness and stubbornness. On the Island of Cyclopes before Odysseus took his men to the cave, he stated that my proud heart had an sentiment that presently I would encounter a man who was endowed with great strength, and wild, with no uncoiled k presentlyledge of laws or any good customs. (9. 213-215). On their way to the daphnia cave, Odysseus knew himself that danger is on their way except he still made careless decisions when they get there.Instead of quickly taking all the things they needed intimate the cave and despite his mens persuasions, he still distinguishable to wait for Polyphemus to arrive because he personally precious to try his helping if the Cyclops would actually welcome them inside. Odysseus stated that From the start my companions spoke to me and begged me to take some of the cheeses, come back again, and the next time to drive the lambs and kids from their pens, . . . but I would not listen to them . . . not until I could shoot the breeze him, understand if he would give me presents. (9. 224-229).The fact that Odysseus is a known tactician, one could argue that his companions simple strategy is far much better than Odysseus naive persuasion of trying his luck with the Cyclops. Although Odysseus cunnings got him out of the cave afterward getting trapped, the consequences of his foolish curiosity in regard to the death of his comrades and the lost of trust of his comrades, outmatch the benefits of his cunnings. Odysseus stubbornness and foolishness led to the death of six of his men and this gave Eurylochus one of the reasons to go against his authority.The incident on their way out of Island of the Cyclopes also added fuel to the fire when Odysseus provoked Polyphemus by shouting to him. His crew members yet again pleaded to him, Hard one, why are you trying once more to stir up this savage man . . . (9. 494-495). They also mentioned that because of Odysseus provocative actions, the Cyclops threw big rocks at them and led the ship back to the shore and close to got them caught and get killed. This declaration by his crew members is a sign of their dis discoverment with Odysseus leadership.It shows that they are concerned with how Odysseus constantly putting them in harms way by being out of control. Another sign of their dissatisfaction is when the judgement of unfairness came into their minds when they foolishly opened the bag of wind that sent them back to Aiolian Island. His companions stated that Odysseus is bringing home with him handome treas ures . . . while we, who have bypast through everything he has on the same venture, come home with our give empty. (10. 40-43).This action by the crew members shows a symptom of sedition against a leader that is supposed be trusted and respected by his subjects. It also signifies that Odysseus has lost his connection with his crew men and they dont see him anymore as one of them. In an article by Elihu Rose, he claimed that Mutiny begins with grievances over some existing or periled condition. The question then may be posed as to whether those grievances, legitimate or not, were ultimately addressed and, if so, to what degree . . . (572).This statement supports the idea that revolt is thence the result of lack of acknowledgement by the people who are responsible for(p) to address the internal issues of an organization. It applies to Odysseus constant disregard of his crew members pleadings which resulted to him putting his crew members into situations that they didnt wish t o go through. check to Machiavelli, . . . one of the most correctly preventive measures against conspiracies is simply not being hated by legal age of people. People planning a conspiracy must believe that killing the ruler will be popular . . Eurylochus knew the disappointment of the crew members on Odysseus leadership. This gave him the further courage to voice out his displeasure on Odysseus authority knowing that the crew members also have an issue with the way Odysseus handled situations. It also gave him the courage and the capability to persuade the crew members to disobey Odysseus orders of not eating the cattle of Helios. Machiavellis advice to a king of keeping his subjects satisfied or simply not despise him to avoid contempt or mutiny certainly didnt apply to Odysseus leadership.The stubbornness of Odysseus along with his inability to bring into being a cohesive relationship among his crew resulted into disappointment inside his good deal which paved the way for Eu rylochus to contempt against his authority. Lastly, the capability of the noble men to threaten his ass and exploit his belongings could be argued as the result of the semipolitical structure of Odysseus kingdom. Chapter four of The Prince discusses the advantages of appointing parsons and the disadvantages of a kingdom with nobles.Machiavelli stated that, These barons have their own lands and their own subjects who recognize the barons as their masters and are naturally loyal to them. Where a state is governed by a king and his ministers the king is more powerful since he is the only person in the state whom people recognize as superior. When they obey someone else it is only because he is minister or take awayicial and they have no special loyalty to him (16). In other words, Machiavelli suggests that because the nobles have their own power inside a kings monarchy, theyre more likely to disobey or be mutinous against a kings authority.On the other hand, a monarchy that has min isters sooner of barons, gives the king the security of not having any defiance against his superiority. In The Odyssey, Achaea is a land filled nobles. It is known in the story that Odysseus did not appoint any ministers or any sort of authority to secure his throne in Ithaca from any threats while he is gone to war. This signifies that his power over the people of Ithaca is not absolute or in other words, the foot of his power is fragile once a certain threat to his power comes in.In The Prince, Machiavelli claimed that the nobles are more likely to be corrupted by abroad forces because they are hard to please and are always eager for a change in leadership. This suggests that even if Odysseus came back to Ithaca on time, his authority is not secured from any internal or external forces (e. g. the nobles or other kings) that wanted to challenge it and much more worst if he actually have died in the war. In The Odyssey, Telemachus stated that, It is not bad to be a king . . . in fact there are many other Achaian princes, young and old, in sea girt Ithaca, any of who might hold this position, now hat the great Odysseus has perished. (1. 393-396). This statement by Telemachus son of Odysseus, is a halt that Odysseus throne is in fact open for any internal or external forces (i. e. suitors Inside or outside of Ithaca) to occupy without any prohibition. According to Machiavelli, . . . there will always be barons ready to assume authority when stipulations swing their way . . . (18). Odysseus absence in Ithaca and the inexistence of authority gave the noblemen the vista to do whatever they want in his land, consequently giving the noble men their venture to finally occupy his throne.An spokesperson of this is the persistence of the Achaean noble men to take his throne by marrying his wife Penelope, despite her obvious intension of not wanting to marry. Another result of lack of authority in Ithaca is the constant abuse of his property in the hands of the noble men by uncontrollably devouring his livestock and wine. Although Telemachus attempt to appeal to the suitors by holding an assembly with all the suitors and the Achean elders, it was not enough to get the suitors out of his land. Telemachus stated that We have no man here such as Odysseus was, to drive this curse from the household.We ourselves are not the men to do it . . . not men well seasoned in battle. (2. 58-61). Although Telemachus has the right to be aggravated with the suitors spoilage of his belongings, there is no authority or power in his kingdom beyond his capability that could demand the suitors out of his land. Without Odysseus, the noblemen hold the power on the land and are pretty much entitled to enforce their own rules. In the book Greek policy-making Thought by Ryan Balot, he stated that, Odysseus was like a get to his people who protected them from foreign enemies, from less restrained aristocrats . . When Odysseus left Ithaca, everything went downhill , because of the greed and hubris of wealthy well-born men without a sense of decency . . . Meanwhile, the political community could exert some though not enough pressure on these aristocrats to quicken their behaviour. . . as long as Odysseus was gone, those who would normally have been in scud were left with pious hopes that the gods would rescue them. Therefore . . . the well being of Ithaca depended on Odysseus return and his forcible reassertion of his power. (32).This statement by Balot supports the argument that the inexistence of ministers who work as the second in command of the king makes the monarchy vulnerable not only from the nobles but also from external threats. Without the authority of appointed ministers who play as the second in command of the king, it makes the noble suitors subsequent to Odysseus in the hierarchy of power in Ithaca. With the little gap between the powers of a king and noblemen, it makes it easier for the noblemen to enforce their authority in a kingdom when the power of a king is inexistent.Balots view of the situation in Ithaca also supports the idea that Odysseus authority in his kingdom is not supreme amongst all the people under his authority and it is just a matter of chance before the noblemen defy him. Machiavellis theory about the advantages of ministers and the disadvantages of having noblemen in a monarchy certainly applies to the structure of Odysseus monarchy. With the kind of monarchy that Ithaca has, Odysseus superiority in his land is undeniably vulnerable from the defiance of the ambitious and opportunistic noblemen.The inexistence of legitimate authorities like the ministers who play as the second in command of the king to provide governance all over the land and also as the kings safeguard from any mutiny makes the supremacy of Odysseus as a king of Ithaca questionable. A leaders utilization of both power and leadership is the sole reason for an organization to succeed or fail. A leader that lacks e ither one of these elements is most likely to fail on directing a group to achieve the groups common objective including the leaders own personal goal.The issues of power and leadership throughout Odysseus journey in The Odyssey are linked to the ideologies and guidelines of Machiavellis The Prince on how a king can efficiently apply his power and leadership to maintain a well-organized and successful monarchy and what kinds of circumstances can affect a kings supremacy to his own kingdom. Throughout Odysseus journey, he showed politeness of leadership that contradicted the guidelines of Machiavelli of how a king should react in different situations that involve a critical leadership decisions.Odysseus too much compassion towards his crew members contradicts the advice of Machiavelli on why it is better for the leader to be feared than loved. His inappropriate compassion towards his crew members led to their rebellion against his authority which consequently led to their own destru ction. Odysseus perhaps wanted to be viewed as a compassionate leader, then loved by his people, instead of being viewed as a cruel but effective dictator. But according to Leeden Indeed, if you are feared, your followers will always find reasons to love you. (128).Odysseus recklessness also resulted to the contempt of his second in command, Eurylochus. Machiavelli stated that a king should have the characteristics of both blur and lion to avoid traps and scare out enemies. Although there is no head that Odysseus is a courageous warrior and at the same time cunning, he showed at times that he only utilizes the qualities of a lion but lacks or disregards the qualities of a fox, thus resulting to his crew members frustration of his actions. An example is when he bravely waited for Polyphemus despite knowing the fact that hes an unlawful monster.Machiavelli stated that those kings that only rely on qualities of a lion have no idea what theyre doing. The structure of Odysseus monarc hy is also discussed in Machiavellis The Prince. Machiavellis view on why a king is better off with a monarchy with appointed ministers than a monarchy with ruling noblemen can certainly be applied to the struggle of power in his land, Ithaca. The situation in Ithaca proves that Machiavellis view on the importance of ministers and the disadvantages of having noble family in a monarchy is accurate.These issues of power and leadership in The Odyssey created the consequences that plagued Odysseus, his crewmen and his wife and son throughout the story. The rebellion of his crewmembers is the result of Odysseus failure to apply an efficient leadership along with his power, consequently resulting to his authority over his men to diminish as well. The effect of the political structure to Odysseus supremacy in Ithaca is unchangeable, thus making him an inevitable victim of an necessary circumstance.However, If Odysseus followed the guidelines of Machiavelli on how an ideal king should lead , Odysseus could have saved some of his crew members and achieved their ultimate common goal and that is returning to Ithaca safe and sound. Bibliography Balot, Ryan. Greek policy-making Thought. Blackwell Publishing, 2006. 32. Print. This text contains a thorough history of ancient Greek political thought. It examines different kinds of ancient text (e. g. The Odyssey) in order to clearly demonstrate the political thought and structure of ancient Greece during its time. It also studies the connection between politics and ethics in ancient Greece.Part of this text studies the tendencies of the noblemen to revolt against a ruler. Balot stated that the aristocrats often sought for political connection outside a kings monarchy to gain additional political connection that could maybe help them attack their own government. It also contains Balots view of the situation in Ithaca when Odysseus power is inexistent. Balot stated that Odysseus existence as a king is the only thing that hind ers the less-restrained aristocrats from doing what they wish to do in his land. Homer. The Odyssey of Homer. Trans. Richmond Lattimore. untried York harpist & Row, Publishers, Inc. , 1967. Print. The poem The Odyssey tells the story of Odysseus journey back to his kingdom after the Trojan War. It describes the trials and the consequences that Odysseus had to go through trough out his journey. This text relates to my study about Power and Leadership because it exhibits Odysseus leadership capabilities on different kinds of situations (e. g. Odysseus leadership in the island of the Cyclops) throughout his travel. This text is relevant to my argument because it contains incidents that required Odysseus to make leadership decisions.An example of these incidents is when he decided to wait for the Cyclops despite his crew members request of leaving the cave. By using these incidents in The Odyssey, it will help me apply the guidelines of Machiavelli on how a king should respond in d ifferent kinds of situations that required critical leadership decisions. Ledeen, Michael. Machiavelli on Modern Leadership. New York Truman Talley Books and St. Martins Griffin, 1999. 112-149. Print. This book studies the lessons of Machiavelli on leadership and how they can be applied to fresh politics. Michael A.Ledeens personal view on the importance of Machiavellian leadership will be used as a tool to back up my claims on why the consequences that Odysseus suffered throughout his journey were the results of his leadership decisions that contradicted the guidelines of Machiavelli. In one case in the book that indicates the importance of inserting fear in the people under ones leadership, Leeden uses George Washington as an example by illustrating how the former U. S. president used his army to control the citizens who were against the idea of paying excise tax on their liquor.Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Tim Parks. Great Britain Penguin Books Ltd, 2009. Print. This book by Machiavelli instructs the readers of the guidelines of how a Prince should lead and overcome adversaries or conflicts the Machiavellian way. It relates to my topic of Power and Leadership because it contains ideologies of how leaders should react or demonstrate power when threaten by internal or foreign forces. This text also discusses different circumstances that could affect a kings superiority in his kingdom.The effect of the political structure of a kings kingdom is an example of the topics that are discussed in this text that could be applied to the circumstance of Odysseus kingdom, Ithaca. This text will be the basis of my judgement on the rights and wrongs of Odysseus leadership. It will also be the basis of my evaluation on what Odysseus should have and should have not done on different situations throughout his travel. Rose, Elihu. The Anatomy of Mutiny. Sage. (1982) 572. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. http//afs. sagepub. com/content/8/4/561. full. pdf. This article by Rose studies the reasons of mutiny in the military.It also explains the different kinds of mutinies, how the process of mutiny starts and how to end it. It also contains examples of passed mutinies from sixteenth century French monarchy. This article is essential to the argument of why Odysseus inappropriate actions in the land of the Cyclopes have made his crewmen defeated which led to the act of contempt of Eurylochus against him. Its explanation of how mutiny starts supports the argument that Odysseus action against the will of his crewmen is the primary reason why his subordinates rebel against his authority in their journey.

Comparison of Miss Havisham and Lady Macbeth

passim both Great Expectations and Macbeth surroundings argon purposed to influence and qualify head for the hills Havishams and Lady Macbeths characteristics. These surroundings be non only physical, only when as well mental found in their consanguinitys and distress from past events. Although both women are presented in different forms Lady Macbeth is also strongly influenced by her physical surroundings. Like Miss Havisham, her home is nonliteral of her characteristics. She lives in a great rook from which we never see her leave.Like the fortification she first comes across as strong, powerful and intimidating with strong walls, only we later see these crumble and leave her as nothing but a wreck of what she used to be. The castle also lures King Dun force step forward into a false sense of security the same way Lady Macbeth does, this arse be seen when he describes her as Fair and noble hostess and states This castle hath a pleasant seat showing that he feels com fortable and unsuspecting of both. This is ironic because later that very same night he is murdered, highlighting his naivety. This shows how like Lady Macbeth the castle ignore also conceal the sinfulness within.Pathetic fallacy is often used in Macbeth to emphasise the atmosphere of the events occurring. For display case on the night of Dun roll in the hays murder, when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are in a state of paranoia, roughone knocks at the gate . This makes them feel as though they view as been discovered by someone and there is almost strike on their conscience, ultimately leading to Lady Macbeths loss of sanity. The next break of day we learn that The night has been unruly and some say the earth/ Was febrile and did shake reflecting the earth shaking events of the night prior, and further impressing the ill-doing on Lady Macbeth, influencing her mental state.Another influence on Lady Macbeth appears to be the witches. When we are first introduced to her character she appears to be speaking in in basetation which mirrors that of the witches bugger off thick night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell This suggests that the witches have some sort of influence over her, or are possessing her so that she can carry out their wishes of over throwing the King, it also shows that she does not fear the religious consequences of her actions.She also goes on to call on spirits Come, you spirits, this gives the opinion that she believes in the superstitious, and not only that but sees it as a cite of help. She does not fear it like the vast majority of people in the 1600s. Miss Havisham is also greatly influenced by her psychological and emotional surroundings. The prevalent influence over her life was her relationship with Compeyson, as this is what led to her unremitting need for revenge, strained relationship with Estella and subversion from conformity.The enormous impact that Compeyson jilting Miss Havisham had on her perception of love can be seen when she describes love as Giving up your soul to the smiter-as I did. The use of the word smiter emphasises proficient how profoundly she was hurt her heart was not just broken, but on purpose crushed. She never heals from this pain so dedicates her whole life onwards to recess mens hearts. She even goes to the extent of raising Estella to do this You can break his heart. . Yet she shows signs of regretting bringing Estella up so hard and ungrateful and robbing her of the ability to love, like Compeyson did to her.This failing relationship leads her further into depression, but does not stop her need to inflict pain on Pip, suggesting she cannot retain her psychological impulses. Miss Havishams failed relationship led her to rebel from the stereotypical Victorian woman, who is mantic to be a married, dutiful wife, well presented and loving. She is quite the opposite of this as a mad spinster, but is left to her proclaim devices due to her wealthiness and power T hroughout Macbeth we see Lady Macbeth change from a foreboding, deeply ambitious and manipulative women, to a regretful and guilt ridden soul.This change creates a sense of sympathy in the eyes of the audience as it is her own actions which lead to her ultimate demise. Unlike Miss Havisham, Lady Macbeth is married and is sensed by outsiders as a typical loyal wife. However, within her relationship it can be seen that she has also rebelled from expectations. In Lady Macbeths fountainhead being a woman is a great weakness she construes femininity as compassion and kindness, preventing her from ever being as powerful as a man.She labels her husband as too full o the milk of human kindness, to move over treason, and for this reason she calls on the spirits to unsex her and Stop up the gate and passage to remorse, as she thinks this will allow her to carry out acts of evil. She also manipulates Macbeth into doing what she wants When you durst do it, then you were a man. This shows t hat she knows how to use what could be seen as the fe young-begetting(prenominal) method of achieving power, this being manipulation, to further her supposedly male ambitions.This position of power can again be seen in the use of imperative verbs when she talks to Macbeth look like the innocent flower, reserve all the rest to me, displaying her authority and control over the situation. The play implies that women can be as ambitious and cruel as men, moreover well-disposed constraints deny them the means to pursue these ambitions on their own. Lady Macbeths guilt is the crucial psychological surrounding which influences her vanquishfall. Although her will to kill the King was previously so strong, after the murder she begins to slide into vehemence.She and Macbeth undergo a intent reversal, he seems to lose all sense of remorse, whilst her feminine attributes, which she tried so hard to eradicate, take over, leaving her trapped in her guilt. This ironic minute of events can clearly be seen when Lady Macbeth initially comforts Macbeth by saying a little water clears us of this deed, yet she soon comes to realise this is not the case. Her guilt consumes even her subconscious mind leading to her sleep walking, whilst in this state she questions will these hands neer be clean? and goes on to recount the events of the day of the murder. This illustrates how she is continuously reliving that day, desperately trying to change what happened but cant. This despair to clean the blood from her hands eventually drivers her insane, and the only way she can free herself from this mental torture is to end her life. Although Great Expectations and Macbeth were compose in different centuries and in different forms Macbeth being a concentrated play, written round 1604, and Great Expectations being a lengthily novel from around 1860.They were both considered quite outrageous and innovative at the time, due to their previously unspoken themes of madness, superstition and matriarch. As shown in my essay, Miss Havisham and Lady Macbeth are similarly influenced by their surroundings. Both women used people as their puppets in order to carry out their desires, and both descended into madness through losing their control of their puppets. However Lady Macbeth was power hungry and was willing to take down anyone to satisfy her ambition, whereas Miss Havisham wanted purely revenge, and thought what she was doing was bringing justice.The reason is more manipulative and done purely for selfish reasons, so her madness was self inflicted and grew as time progressed. While the latter was done in response to the pain she was caused, meaning her madness was less calculated, but was aeonian since the cause of pain. Both are middle aged and wealthy women who have rebelled from expectations, however Miss Havisham rebelled due to a traumatic event in her life and does not try to conceal her atypical lifestyle. Whereas Lady Macbeth tries to mask this, and use her apparent innocence to her advantage.

Odysseus as a Leader Essay

In the epic poem The Odyssey Homer, Odysseus has the ability to be a very(prenominal) salutary attractor, exclusively doesnt al demeanors prevail up to it. Odysseus is a level-headed drawing card because he thinks a rotary of things through and through. Therefore, he knows what to do ahead of time. Another reason Odysseus is a favourable leader is that he knows when to self-confidence his caboodle. Odysseus can be a severe leader because he doesnt always tell his crew everything. Also, he doesnt always have common sense. Odysseus is a harmful leader because of his harmful decisions.Odysseus is good at analyzing things to make them perfect so that zero point goes wrong. In the Odyssey, he and his crew go into a cave to rest. mend at that place, they strike confine in by the cyclopse, Polyphemus, who is Poseidons son. At whiz point, Odysseus has a chance to wound him with his sword, but realizes that if he does they could be trapped forever. He then comes up with a well thought come forth plan. (Book 9, Lines 343-344) Odysseus thinks to himself, And now I pondered how to hurt him worst, if but Athena granted what I prayed for. The plan is to get Polyphemus drunk off of wine, put red acrid fire in his eye to blind him and leave the next sunup while hiding under the bellies of his sheep. The plan is successfully executed the way Odysseus thought it out. When Odysseus executes a great plan and him and his crew stuck to it, it will work. Thats one thing that makes him a good leader. In conclusion, Odysseus helped him and his crew by his great analyzing techniques.Another thing that makes Odysseus a good leader is how he knew when and how to trust his crew. For example, he wants to hear the Sirens because no one has ever lived through it. Odysseus tells his crew to plug their ears with beeswax and tie him d decl are to the mast of the boat, and to not allow him go no matter what he does or says. (Book 12, Lines 214-216) They tied me up, then, plum amidships, back to the mast, lashed to the mast, and took themselves again rowing. His crew and him were successful and made it through without losing anyone. It is all-important(prenominal) for Odysseus to believe that his crew wouldnt untie him from the mast of the boat through the Sirens. Odysseus tries to get out, but the crew only ties him tighter. As a result, it shows that with enough of Odysseus trust in his crew they can pull of even the hardest task.Meanwhile, Odysseus is very clueless at times and doesnt tell his crew all that he knows. After Odysseus and his crew sail away from the Cyclopes, they get to Aeolus. Aeolus gives Odysseus a pocket of winds that will guide him and his crew home. After ten days, they are very close to Ithica. While the crew is talking about the suitcase, Odysseus shouldve been close by and made sure they didnt open the bag, but instead he fell asleep. (Book 10, Lines 47-50) Nigh home we are with empty hands. And who has gifts from Aeolus ? He has, I say we ought to crack that bag, theres gold, silver, and plenty in that bag The crew thinks that the bag has fortune in it, so they open it. The winds relief valve and make a storm that blows them back to Aeolia. Consequently, Aeolus doesnt help them at all. In result of Odysseus not telling his crew about the bag, they go about another(prenominal) setback.Odysseus pride was another downfall he had. After Odysseus and his crew got past Polyphemus, he makes a bad decision. He yells out his own name and address. (Book 9, Lines 548-552) Kyklops, if ever mortal man inquire how you were put to take down and blinded tell him Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye Laertes son, whose homes in Ithica. Once Polyphemus hears him he prays to his father, Poseidon, to get revenge on Odysseus. Odysseus only precious to be known for taking down and animal so oft bigger than him, but instead he ends up paying for it. By Odysseus not holding his tongue back, he caused more setbacks in their tour back home.In the Odyssey, Odysseus wasnt the best at making good decisions because of his bad luck and gullible personality. In book 12, Odysseus had to lead his crew through Scylla and Charybdis. Along the way, Scylla swoops down and eats six of the sailors. In another scene, Odysseus comes to Thrinacia, the island of the sun. He wants to avoid it, but Eurylokhos persuades Odysseus to let him and the rest of the crew to stick about there to relax for a while. (Book 12, Lines 364-368) Eurylokhos says, No pull out to sea, you say, with wickedness upon us- just as before, but wandering now, and lost. (Book 12, Lines 380-381) Odysseus says back, Eurylokos, they are with you to a man. I am alone, outmatched. They end up having to stay there for a calendar month due to a storm. Because Odysseus is easily persuaded by what Eurylokos, they end up having bad luck with a storm and are forced to stay there for a month.Homers message in The Odyssey is that there are many types of leaders good ones show success, and bad ones show failure. Odysseus is a good and bad leader and he commits both success and failure. A good leader is honest, driven to success and a role warning for others. A bad leader can have good qualities, but is not quite strong enough to stand up for what the leader believes. A leader in the real world could be a coach, a teacher, a president, etc. A good coach has a good team, a good teacher has hard working students, and a good president has a smooth-moving country. A bad teacher has mocking students, a bad coach has a lazy team, and a bad president has a country that doesnt run well. The leader should be one to follow, just like the game, follow the leader. Most likely good leaders will succeed and bad leaders will fail.

Conflict in the Most Dangerous Game Essay

Have you ever wondered how authors draw or compose conict into their stories? An author manipulations a method or way of developing conict into the narrative using plots. approximately stories act on a plot to construct the unique events of the fable. Conicts are very(prenominal) important in a story to help make the story more interesting and entertaining in its own way.Authors use conicts in all genres of indite and storytelling. When authors write a story with a conict they usually build upon the story with some smaller problems called raise conicts. They use these small encounters or problems to help vitamin A up the story and make it more interesting. In some genres of writing the rising conicts help the lecturer to understand and predict what bequeath happen in the main conict of the story. They hint and tease the reader into thinking what volition happen by making that environment with the rising encounters. When the main conict hits in most stories it feels like a bang in the face because you most likely had no idea what was waiver to happen. The conict is supposed to surprise the reader and change the story completely. at once the conict hits its over very soon and often there is no looking back. Thats one of the reasons that writers chose to include conict in their stories. In The Most Dangerous Game , Richard Connell provides one way of rising conict called humane vs Nature. This form of rising conict shows a struggle between the contribution and the situation the character is put into. When Rainsford fell off of the yacht, and stumbled onto sand, that was a framework of Human Vs. Nature in the story. Next, after the conict the story will take one of two paths, it could suddenly end, but it could continue on into the story using falling conicts.

How equal opportunities and managing diversity impact on organisations and their HRM practices

AbstractDiversity in giving medications has been increasing, specially in the ult decade. This has brought ab prohibited the need for managers in organizations to ensure that they implement in effect(p) policies that allow for not only reduce discrimination but also amplify the productivity of their versatile work delineates. This report presents a principal that was carried let out development both(prenominal) primary and secondary advancementes to hand up the importance of comprehension and motley instruction on organizations. Whereas the importance of renewal guidance is highlighted in this report, in that location is also evidence that points out the challenges that managers may face in managing mixture. accounting entryIn any organization, human beings resources are among the closely vital assets to its success. Thus, it is desperate for them to be manages in the most good manner that impart hone their productivity. One of the trends that characteriz e the twenty-first century human resource force in the United Kingdom is the gain in employment regeneration (Michalle &038 Barak, 2010). The basis of effectively managing build at the work ready is acknowledging the differences that may hold up among the come withs work force and implementing workplace practices that create an inclusive milieu for all employees. It is worth noting that on that point are divergent types of conversion in workplaces. These include gender, race and religion (Poster, 2008). Having able and disabled employees also represents a certain degree of transmutation. Effective focusing of diversity benefits organizations by up(p) communication among employees and facilitating innovation and diversity. For businesses, having a diverse workforce helps in addressing involve of a diverse customer base and thus, an increase in returns (Tarmac, 2012). In regard to this, this report presents findings from primary and secondary investigate that was carr ied out to establish the importance of embracing and managing workplace diversity.Research ApproachAs aforementioned, this look for was carried out using both secondary and primary approaches. The secondary approach involved reviewing literature that has been published on various databases round the paper of workplace diversity. A preference was given to peer-reviewed journal articles because of their renowned credibility in terms of the researched information they offer (Yin, 2010). Since the time and resources to carry out an exhaustive primary research was limited, semi-structured interviews were used to collect qualitative data from a seven colleagues in college. The data was collected through an audio frequency recording for further analysis. This approach was selected because it is relatively informal and does not beseech a lot of time to get the required information (Yin, 2010).FindingsFindings from supplemental ResearchMany researchers mother carried out studies the subject of workplace diversity. However, as pointed out by Herring (2009), this concept is relatively new, dating to the 1980s. Some of the factors that scram contributed to an increase in workplace diversity include the increased immigration especially to developed countries which has led to an increasingly international workforce. The equality campaigns that have been on the increase have also led to an increase the number of pagan minorities and women in the present-day labour pool. It is evident that if poorly managed, diversity depart adversely affect productivity of human resources. Thus, human resource managers in organizations ought to implement effective diversity vigilance practices so as to turn diversity into an advantage (The Times 100, 2013).Importance of Managing Workplace DiversityWith the ever increasing diversity in global universe and workplaces, it is vital to establish the benefits of managing diversity. Michalle and Barak (2010) argue that diversity incr eases the productivity of employees. This is because of the fact that a diverse workplace comprises of different talents, skills and experiences, and if these differences are combined and directed towards the achievement of a common goal, it is certain that it impart be advantageous to the organization. In another(prenominal) research on workplace diversity, Herring (2009) established that effective perplexity of a diverse workforce increases creativity and problem solving. By treating contributions of every employee at the workplace as important, regardless of their experience, race or gender, useful insights about how to approach a certain task in the organization can be found. Organizations that proceed to take advantage of the diversity in their workforces may lock out ideas from employees that may be of phenomenal importance to the progress of the company.Companies that have created a account for effective counsel of diversity have the advantage of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce, which comes with diverse talents and capabilities. Inclusion in the workplace motivates employees by creating in them a sense of belonging. Acknowledging diversity in the workplace motivates the employees and also increases their levels of load towards the organization. In a study carried out by Groeneveld (2011) on management of workplace diversity and its impacts on employee turnover, he established that companies adhering to diversity policies in recruitment and other human resource management practices in their organization had much less cases of employee turnover than those whose diversity management approaches were not as ideal. Given that diversity will be almost inevitable in future, organizations have to ensure that they put the most effective diversity management practices in place. There is also a legal advantage of managing diversity in organizations and encouraging inclusion. Application of appropriate approaches in diversity management limits th e chances of lawsuits by employees that feel excluded (Michalle &038 Barak, 2010). Not only does this save money that could have been spent on litigation expenses, it also creates a positive reputation of the organization to a wide range of stakeholders. Tadmor et al. (2012) argue that companies that target a market with diverse customers greatly benefits from employing a diverse workforce. For instance, if a company has a marketing team that comprises of people from different races, religions and genders, the possibility of such a team attracting a wide range of customers is higher as compared to a team that consists of people from the same gender, race or religion. Thus, effective diversity management may increase the returns of a company by attracting more customers.Challenges of Workplace Diversity Management regular(a) though management of diversity has galore(postnominal) advantages for employers and employees in organizations, Canas and Sondak (2010) argue that on that poi nt are several associated challenges. Management of diversity involves the recognition of the value associated with the differences in the workforce, promotion of inclusiveness and elimination of any kind of discrimination that exists in the workforce. Ensuring that all these aspects of management are exhaustively address may be challenging for human resource managers, especially when diversity among employees is quite extensive. Some of the disadvantages that are associated with poor workplace diversity management include increased employee turnover, lack of synergy and ineffective communication among employees, and an increase in the chances of companies facing lawsuits and negatively charged publicity (Tarmac, 2012). A recent voice of a diversity issue that tainted the image of an organization took place in 2011, when a Liverpool hospital placed an key outisement for job vacancies. In their conditions for application, the included as statement that referred to equal opportunit ies as usual attack (Hough, 2011). Even though the statement was replaced after negative feedback from the public, it has drawn negative attention from different parts of the world, which has also affected reputation of the hospital. For effective diversity management, Herring (2009) suggests that managers have to first comprehend the diverse of necessity of their employees and identify areas from which discrimination may arise. They should then create the ideal policies that will ensure inclusiveness in the organization.Findings from Primary ResearchTo establish the impacts of equal opportunities and diversity management in the workplace, mixed reactions were obtained from some of the peers that were interviewed. Whereas two of them were of the view that ensuring workplace inclusion may be unnecessary for organizations, five of the respondents were for the idea that managing diversity is among the most important human resource management practices of the 21st century.Responses i n deliver of Workplace DiversityOne of the questions that the subjects were asked was how diversity may affect the productivity of an organization. In repartee to this question, one of the respondents, who is a proponent of diversity argued, There is no focusing that a company in the 21st century can work without having a diverse workforce. Diversity does not only exist in the colour of the skin or the language we speak. Everywhere in the UK, there is diversity in religion, gender, and generations. What companies ought to do is agree that diversity is inevitable, and find ship canal to deal with it for their own advantage. This response indicates that there is widespread knowledge about diversity and organizations ought to device the necessary approaches to increase productivity of their diverse employees. other respondent added Diversity in the workplace is good. Though it may be difficult at the start, continued co-operation with team members from different backgrounds makes it possible to understand and appreciate one another. If I am offered a job in two companies, one with a good reputation of inclusion and another known for discriminating against some workers, I will definitely deal the one that has created a reputation of inclusivenessResponses against Workplace DiversityIn response to the same question on how diversity may affect productivity of an organization, another respondent who thought diversity is overemphasized argued, I think back diversity in organizations is a good thing, but organizations ought to focus more on merit. If I have vacancies in my company and I am looking for the best employees to fill up those positions, I should not be forced to select a diverse workforce because the policies say so, instead, I need to select the most fit candidates. If the most qualified candidates are from the same gender, ethnic or unearthly backgrounds, I should be free to hire them. This whole diversity struggle may not be as constructive as we think it is. The response given by this respondent is also quite sensible, which indicates that there are some disadvantages that are associated with workplace diversity policies.Findings from primary research, as indicated, were mixed. Whether the response provided by the respondents supports or is against the importance of diversity in the workplace, they both acknowledge the existence of diversity issues in the 21st century. However, most of the respondents were in support of the implementation of appropriate diversity management strategies. This indicates that equal opportunities and management of diversity in organizations is among the most important practices in present-day human resource management. With a projected increase in levels of diversity in the UK population, as well as other parts of the world, it will be inevitable for organizations to have a diverse workforce (Canas &038 Sondak, 2010).ConclusionThe 21st century has been characterized with a phenomenal increase in diversity among population across the globe, which has also affected the composition of employees in many organizations. This research had the aim of establishing the importance of inclusion and the management of diversity in organizations. Even though some disadvantages of employee diversity were established from the primary and secondary research that was carried out, most of the respondents and all the secondary sources accessed indicated that inclusion and diversity management is a very vital human resource practice. From the findings of the research, one of the recommendations that can be made for human resource managers is that all employees have to be sure on the importance of workplace diversity and how to effectively collaborate with their workmates from different backgrounds and gender.ReferencesCanas, K.A. &038 Sondak, H., 2010. Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. New York Prentice Hall.Groeneveld, S., 2011. Diversity and employee turnover in the Dut ch public sector Does diversity management make a differenceInternational diary of Public Sector Management, 24(6), pp.594-612.Herring, C., 2009. Does Diversity Pay? Race, Gender, and the Business Case for Diversity. American Sociological Review, 74, pp.208-24.Hough, A., 2011. NHS hospital usual equal opportunities rubbish job advert sparks investigation. The Telegraph, 5 September.Michalle, E. &038 Barak, M., 2010. Managing Diversity Toward a Globally Inclusive Workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications.Poster, W.R., 2008. Filtering Diversity A Global Corporation Struggles With Race, Class, and Gender in Employment Policy. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(3), pp.307-41.Tadmor, C.T., Satterstrom, P., Jang, S. &038 Polzer, J.T., 2012. Beyond Individual Creativity The Superadditive Benefits of multicultural Experience for Collective Creativity in Culturally Diverse Teams. ledger of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(3), pp.384-92.Tarmac, 2012. Diversity and inclusion policy. Online Available at http//www.tarmac.co.uk/about_us/about_tarmac/idoc.ashx?docid=ffe70bb0-4510-476a-8dd4-b352a63c1b48&038version=-1 Accessed 26 February 2014.The Times 100, 2013. Competetive advantage through diversity. Online Available at http//businesscasestudies.co.uk/tarmac/competitive-advantage-through-diversity/conclusion.htmlaxzz2MxtlEGBP Accessed 26 February 2014.Yin, R.K., 2010. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York Guilford Press.